Unit 4

一、词汇短语

Text I

1．strengthen [5streNWEn] v. become or make strong or increase in the strength of 加强，巩固：You cannot strengthen the weak by weakening the strong.削弱强者并不能使弱者变强。

2．bond [bCnd] n. a） a uniting force or tie; sth that unites two or more people or groups使人联合起来的力量或关系：The trade agreement strengthened the bonds between the two countries.贸易协定加强了两国之间的关系。b） a written agreement or promise that has legal force盟约，契约，合同：We entered into a solemn bond with them.我们双方缔结了一项正式协定。

3．mature [mE5tjuE] adj. a） fully grown or developed mentally or physically成熟的，成年人的：He is not mature enough to be given too much responsibility.他还不够成熟，不能承担太多责任。b） （of thought, intentions, etc） careful and thorough深思的，慎重的：After mature consideration, I entered the competition.慎重思考过后，我决定加入竞争。

4．carefree [5keEfri:] adj. free from anxiety, having no worries or problems无忧无虑的，轻松愉快的：After we finishing our exams we all felt happy and carefree.考试结束后，我们都感到轻松愉快。其形容词形式为：careless不小心的，轻率的

5．invincible [in5vinsEbl] adj. incapable of being overcome or defeated, unconquerable不能征服的，无敌的：There is no army in the world that is invincible.世上没有军队是战无不克的。

6．hang out: a） spend time somewhere in a casual or relaxed way闲荡，厮混：Don’t hang out with that guy any longer.不要再和那小子混在一起了。b） get together with each other, stay with each other待在一起，聚在一起：He often hangs out with his colleagues on the weekend.他周末经常和同事聚在一起。

7．hang up: end a telephone call by putting the receiver back, often abruptly（通常较粗鲁地）挂断电话：She hung up on me while I was talking.我还在说话，他就挂断了电话。

8．break down: a） lose control of one’s feelings崩溃，不能控制自己的情绪：He broke down and wept when he heard the news.当他听到这则消息后情不自禁地哭起来。b） cease to function because of a mechanical or electrical fault损坏，发生故障：The telephone system has broken down.电话系统出现了故障。c） fail to have any results, collapse失败，破产：Negotiations between the two sides have broken down.双方的谈判失败了。

9．affect [E5fekt] v. a） have an influence on or effect a change in影响：Inflation affects the buying power of the dollar.通货膨胀影响美元的购买力。b） act on the emotion of, touch or move感动：Her moving speech affected everyone in the hall.他煽情的演讲感动了在座的每个人。

10．make sense: a） have an understandable meaning有意义：These words are jumbled up and don’t make sense.这些单词混在一起没有意义。b） be sensible, have or show sense是明智的，合情合理的：It doesn’t make sense to buy that very expensive leather coat when these cheaper ones are just as good.同样质量的皮衣，有便宜的却去买贵的，这是很不明智的。

11．handle [5hAndl] v. a） touch, lift or hold with the hands拿，触摸，提：The box is too heavy for me to handle.盒子太沉了，我提不起来。b）operate with the hands; manipulate用手操作，操控：He is very skillful at handling the machine.他操作机器时很娴熟。c） cope with or dispose of处理，应付，对待：A successful businessman should know how to handle problems efficiently.成功的生意人应懂得如何有效地解决问题。

12．plague [plei^] n. a） an attack of disease causing death and spreading quickly to many people瘟疫：Europe suffered many plagues in the Middle Ages.欧洲在中世纪遭受了多次瘟疫。b） a widespread, uncontrollable and harmful mass or number灾难，祸患：A plague of locusts destroyed all the crops in this area.蝗虫灾严重损害了这片区域的庄稼。

13．turn one’s back on: refuse to be involved with, esp. unfairly or unkindly不理睬，背弃：He turned his back on his relatives, though he was a millionaire.尽管他是一个百万富翁，但他拒绝帮助他的亲戚们。

14．stick out: continue with sth to the end, despite difficulty or unpleasantness坚持到底：He hates the job, but he’s determined to stick it out because he needs the money.他讨厌这份工作，但他决定坚持到底，因为他需要钱。

15．blame [bleim] v. a） find fault with, censure指责，责备：Public opinion blames Mrs. Smith for leading the girl astray.舆论指责史密斯夫人把那位姑娘引入歧途。

16．positive [5pCzEtiv] adj. a） characterized by or displaying certainty, acceptance or affirmation积极的，肯定的：We expected a positive answer, but they said no.我们需要一个肯定的答复，但他们并没有给。b） very sure; quite certain; confident表现的有信心和希望的，确信的：We must keep a positive attitude towards patients suffering from cancer.我们必须对癌症患者保持乐观积极的态度。

17．stress [stres] n. a） a state of extreme difficulty, pressure or strain压力，紧张：He presided over the economy during the period of its great stress.他在经济最受压力期间主持了大局。b） importance, significance or emphasis placed on sth强调，重要性：The government put great stress on this issue.政府着重强调了这个问题。

18．lesion [5li:VEn] n. a wound, a dangerous change in the form or working of a part of the body, especially after an operation or accident.身体组织器官的损伤：The patient has been suffering from a brain lesion since his operation.这位病人手术之后遭受了极大的大脑损伤。

19．pale [peil] adj. a） whitish in complexion面色苍白：Her face was pale with terror.他吓的面色发白。b） （color） having high lightness and low saturation浅色的，淡色的：Her pale blue eye was very attractive.她的浅蓝色眼睛很吸引人。

20．bedridden [5bedrid(E)n] adj. force to remain in bed because of illness卧床不起的：Since you will be bedridden for the next few weeks, I thought you might like some books to read.你接下来几周会待在床上，所以我想你可能会想看一些书。

21．keep in: not express an emotion; restrain sth控制某种情绪：Hearing the news, she could scarcely keep in her excitement.听到这个消息，她几乎不能掩饰自己的激动。

22．maintain [men5tein] v. a） to keep up or carry on, continue保持，维持，使继续：He maintains good relations with all his friends.他和所有的朋友都保持着良好的关系。b） keep in an existing state, preserve or retain保持一种特定的状态:One should maintain one’s composure in trying moment.艰难时刻，人应该保持镇定。

23．outlook [5autluk] n. a） a point of view; an attitude观点，态度：A positive outlook on life is very important to success.保持积极的生活态度对于成功是非常重要的。b） view on which one looks out景色，景致，景观：The house has a pleasant outlook over the valley.从这所房子可以看到山谷景色优美。

24．deal with: a） attend to （a problem, task, etc.）; manage sth处理，解决：He dealt with the awkward situation very tactfully.他机智地解决了这种棘手的状况。b） take or have sth as a subject; discuss sth讨论，涉及：This chapter deals with the question of over-strenuous life in big cities.这张涉及到了大城市中生活的极度艰辛。

25．mark [mB:k] v. a） indicate or denote sth; be a sign of标志，表示：Today’s ceremony marks 100 years of trade between our two countries.今天的庆典标志着两国之间的百年贸易。b） to distinguish or characterize表示…的特征：I like the exuberance that marks her writings.我喜欢他作品的特点在于丰富。

26．hold in: restrain, control or check约束，抑制：He is incapable of holding himself in when he gets extremely excited.当他极度兴奋的时候，他无法控制自己的情绪。

27．grateful [5^reitful] adj. appreciative of benefits received; thankful; expressing gratitude感激的：I am grateful to you for helping me out of the difficult situation.我很感激你帮我走出困境。

Text II

1．impair [im5pZE] v. to cause to diminish, as in strength, value or quality削弱：The output of produce was impaired by the cold weather.农产品由于其后寒冷而减产。

2．immune [i5mju:n] adj. of, relating to ,or having immunity to resist infection by a specific pathogen免疫的，有免疫力的：He is immune to SARS.他对SARS有免疫力。

3．ward off 防止，避免：I try to ward off fatigue by resting as much as possible.为了防止疲劳，我尽可能多休息。

4．susceptible [sE5septEbl] adj. easily affected or harmed by易受影响的，易受感染的：He is susceptible to various disease.他很容易患病。

5．infection [in5fekFEn] n. becoming ill through contact with bacteria, an infectious disease传染，感染；传染病：She didn’t come to school lest she might carry the infection to her classmates.她没有来学校，以免把疾病传染给她的同学。

6．conclusively [kEn5klu:sivli] adv. putting an end to doubt or uncertainty决定性地，无可置疑地：It was conclusively proved that he was not shot dead in the war.已确切证明他没有在战争中被开枪打死。

7．exclusively [ik5sklu:sivli] adv. only, and nothing / no one else唯一地：He depicts the sordid and vulgar side of life exclusively.他只描写人生肮脏和庸俗的一面。

8．homosexual [7hEumEu5seksjuEl] adj. （of or being） a person sexually attracted to members of the same sex同性恋的：My family hated me because I once got involved in homosexual acts.因为我曾经有同性恋行为，所以我的家人讨厌我。

9．unsterilized [Qn5 5sterilaizd] adj. of not making free from live bacteria or other microorganisms未杀菌的：The use of unsterilized medical equipment in his hospital resulted in the death of the patient.该医院使用未消毒的医疗设备导致了这个病人的死亡。

10．build up: to increase gradually over a period of time逐渐增强：I could feel the anger building up inside me.我可以感觉到愤怒在我心中膨胀。

11．contract [5kCntrAkt] v. to acquire or incur招致（某种不想要的结果）；感染（疾病）：The boy contracted skin cancer.这个男孩患上了皮肤癌。

12．lethal [5li:WEl] n. able or certain to kill可致命的，致命的：Avian flu is a lethal disease.禽流感是一种致命的疾病。

13．expectancy [ik5spektEnsi] n. an expected amount calculated on the basis of actual data预期数额：The total damage expectancy of the fire will amount to US $100 million.估计或在总损失将达到一亿美元。短语life expectancy意为“寿命”。

14．onset [5Cnset] n. the first attack or beginning of sth bad进攻，不好之事的开始：He went to see a doctor at the onset of a fever.他开始发烧时便去看医生了。

15．transmit [trAnz5mit] v. to send or pass from one person, place or thing to another传染，传送，传播：The disease is transmitted by animals.这种疾病是通过动物传播的。名词形式为：transmission传染，传播

16．contamination [kEn7tAmi5neiFEn] n. the act of making impure or bad by or as if by mixing in / with impure, dirty or poisonous matter污染：The contamination of the river is caused by industrial waste.这条河流是被工业废物污染的。

17．transfusion [trAns5fju:VEn] n. the act of putting the blood of one person into the body of another将血流输入另一人体内：The child lost a lot of blood as a result of accident, so he was rushed to hospital for a blood transfusion.这孩子因车祸失血太多，被急送到医院输血。

18．penetrate [5penitreit] v. to enter, pass, cut or force a way into or through sth进入，贯穿，渗入：He felt some of the snow slide in, penetrate the shirt.他感到有些雪片溜进大衣，透过衬衫。

19．intact [in5tAkt] adj. not broken, damaged or spoiled完整的，未动过的，未受损伤的：The delicate parcel arrived intact.内放精致易碎物品的包裹完整无损地到达。

20．perish [5periF] v. （in writing and esp. in newspapers） to die in a terrible or sudden way; be completely destroyed死，毁灭，腐烂，腐朽：Even the best quality rubber will perish with age.即使质量最好的橡胶也会因老化而腐烂。